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On the 300th anniversary of a now-famous pirate trial in Jamaica, a YouTube video maker from Ohio unearthed new documents that may solve an enduring mystery: What really happened to two notorious female pirates, Anne Bonny and Mary Read.
The British eventually captured the crew off Jamaica. They tried the pirates in St. Jago de la Vega, Jamaica, near what today is Kingston. A transcript of the trial remains the best source of the women's actions.
Separating fact from fiction is difficult when it comes to pirate lore, and especially when it comes to Bonny's story. He said he's received correspondence from people who said Bonny was a distant ancestor. "I tell people that trying to pin down the truth of pirate history is like trying to nail Jell-O to the wall. When I get to the Anne Bonny part of my tours, I can give you five different versions."
Elbakyan responded to the case in an interview by accusing Elsevier of violating the right to science and culture under Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[17] She later wrote a letter to the court about the case describing her reasons for creating Sci-Hub, in which she stated, "Payment of 32 dollars [for each download] is just insane when you need to skim or read tens or hundreds of these papers to do research."[27]
In December 2020, Elsevier, Wiley and the American Chemical Society filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against Sci-Hub and Library Genesis in the Delhi High Court. The plaintiffs seek a dynamic injunction which means that any future domain, IP or name-change by the respondents will not require the plaintiffs to return to court for an additional injunction.[60][61] The court restricted the sites from uploading, publishing or making any article available until 6 January 2021.[20] In response to the lawsuit, as well as to Elbakyan's claim that the FBI had requested data from her Apple account, Reddit users on the subreddit r/DataHoarder organized to download and seed backups of the articles on Sci-Hub, with the intention of creating a decentralized and uncensorable version of the site.[29][62]
In February 2021 Elsevier and Springer Nature obtained an injunction on TalkTalk to block the sci-hub.se domain as a result of a ruling handed down by a UK court.[65] In March 2021 City of London police's Intellectual Property Crime Unit issued a warning to students and universities against accessing the website and to have the website blocked by universities with allegations that the website could steal credentials, mainly to download content from publishers and cause users to "inadvertently download potentially dangerous content" when visited.[66][67] However, the allegation was denied by Elbakyan.[68]
Server log data gathered from September 2015 to February 2016[b] and released by Elbakyan in 2016 revealed some usage information. A large amount of Sci-Hub's user activity came from American and European university campuses, and when adjusted for population, usage of Sci-Hub was high for developed countries. However, a large proportion of download requests came from developing countries such as Iran, China, India, Russia, Brazil, and Egypt.[5][40] User activity covered all branches of science, engineering, medicine and humanities.[5]
A 2020 a study by researchers from 4 countries on 3 continents found that articles downloaded from Sci-Hub were cited 1.72 times more than papers not downloaded from Sci-Hub;[94] the study's methods and conclusions were disputed by Phil Davis in a Scholarly Kitchen article.[95]
In a 2021 study conducted by the National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies and Banaras Hindu University on the use of Sci-Hub in India, 13,144,241 out of 150,575,861 download requests in 2017 were found to have come from Indian IP addresses. Of the research papers downloaded in India, 1,050,62 or 18.46% of these are already available in some form of open access. Indian users requested an average of 39,952 downloads per day from Sci-Hub in 2017.[96]
A 2018 study found a relatively low use of Sci-Hub in China. This was attributed to blocking of many Sci-Hub hosting sites by Cyberspace Administration of China and the existence of a Chinese twin of Sci-Hub, which is not accessible outside of China, and is unknown to Western publishers.[97] However, the situation in PR China changed in the next 3 years, since the data released by Elbakyan in February 2022, that show China having the largest number of downloads of any country[98]
An analysis of locational data from January 2022 indicated that researchers worldwide are accessing papers using Sci-Hub. China which topped the chart had more than 25 million downloads in a month. US was the second largest (ca. 38% of PRC downloads), and France the 3rd largest (24% of the USA). India had the second highest number of individual users but only ranked fifth in downloads. This study only assessed downloads from the original Sci-Hub websites, and excluded replica or 'mirror' sites, therefore did not count downloads from places where the original domain is banned (e.g. the UK). Furthermore the use of VPN can skew some results (e.g. possibly India).[99]
Publishers have been very critical of Sci-Hub, going so far as to claim that it is undermining more widely accepted open-access initiatives,[82] and that it ignores how publishers "work hard" to make access for third-world nations easier.[82] It has also been criticized by librarians for compromising universities' network security and jeopardizing legitimate access to papers by university staff.[72][82][16][73] The cybersecurity threat posed by Sci-Hub has been questioned, and the suggestion made that the threat has been exaggerated by large publishers keen to protect their business model by discrediting Sci-Hub or pushing Universities to block students access to Sci-Hub.[15][112] Moreover, even prominent Western institutions such as Harvard and Cornell have had to cut down their access to publications due to ever-increasing subscription costs,[113] potentially causing some of the highest use of Sci-Hub to be in American cities with well-known universities (this may however be due to the convenience of the site rather than a lack of access).[5] Sci-Hub can be seen as one venue in a general trend in which research is becoming more accessible.[114] Many academics, university librarians and longtime advocates for open scholarly research believe Elbakyan is "giving academic publishers their Napster moment", referring to the illegal music-sharing service that "disrupted and permanently altered the industry".[10]For her actions in creating Sci-Hub, Elbakyan has been called a hero and "spiritual successor to Aaron Swartz" who in 2010 downloaded millions of academic articles from JSTOR.[13][115] She has also been compared to Edward Snowden.[115] She has also been called a "Robin Hood of science".[116] 2ff7e9595c
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